dr Kamil Frankiewicz
Scientific interests
- Anatomy and evolution of plants, in particular wood and bark
- Systematics of flowering plants
- Secondary woodiness
Research projects
- Ewolucja wtórnej drzewiastości u wybranych przedstawicieli podrodziny Apioideae
- Ekologiczne i ewolucyjne wzorce w drewnie i korze rodzaju Buddleja (Scrophulariaceae)
Internships
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, RPA 10.12.2016 – 02.01.2017
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, RPA 14.01.2018 – 14.02.2018
- Swiss Federal Institute for forest, snow and landscape research, WSL, Klosters, Switzerland 25.11.2018–01.12.2018
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, RPA 05.01.2019 – 28.01.2019
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, RPA, 13.08.2019–04.09.2019
Societies memberships and functions
- International Association of Wood Anatomists (IAWA) – member
Prizes and distinctions
- Best presentation during IX Apiales Symposium (Guangzhou, China, 2017)
Publications
2023
Frankiewicz, K E; Chau, J H; Baczyński, J; Wdowiak, A; Oskolski, A
Wood and bark structure in Buddleja: anatomical background of stem morphology Journal Article
In: AoB Plants, vol. 15, iss. 2, pp. plad003, 2023.
@article{Frankiewicz2023,
title = {Wood and bark structure in Buddleja: anatomical background of stem morphology},
author = {K E Frankiewicz and J H Chau and J Baczyński and A Wdowiak and A Oskolski},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plad003},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-02-01},
urldate = {2023-02-01},
journal = {AoB Plants},
volume = {15},
issue = {2},
pages = {plad003},
abstract = {Bark (all tissues outside of the vascular cambium) has been extensively studied in recent years, especially its anatomy and physiology. Macromorphological bark characters can be important taxonomically for many plant groups, including the genus Buddleja (Scrophulariaceae). However, the relationship between macroscopic bark appearance and its microscopic structure remains obscure, hampering the use and interpretation of bark traits in plant taxonomy and phylogenetics as well as in other fields of botany. We studied micro- and macrostructure of bark in the species of Buddleja representing wide taxonomic and geographic diversity to identify general relationships between bark anatomy and morphology. We also examined Buddleja xylem and discussed the importance of anatomical traits for understanding the relationships between clades in this genus. The smooth bark surface in sect. Gomphostigma and the outgroup (Freylinia spp.) relates to the small number of periderms of superficial origin and limited sclerification. This allows for the retention of visible lenticels. In the rest of Buddleja, bark sloughs off and division of labour is present: collapsed phloem undergoes sclerification and acts as a protective layer, while thin-walled phellem forms the separation layers. A similar pattern is found in some groups (e.g. Lonicera), but in others (e.g. Vitis and the species of Eucalyptus with stringy bark), the pattern is inversed. Wood and bark anatomy supports a sister relationship between the southern African section Gomphostigma and the rest of Buddleja but is taxonomically uninformative among remaining clades. Limited development of periderms and sclerification allows for the retention of a smooth bark surface and conspicuous lenticels. Sloughing off of bark requires division of labour into a lignified protective layer and a thin-walled separation layer. These two functions are never served by a single tissue but are rather divided between phloem and periderm. How more subtle features (e.g. size and shape of fissures) are determined requires further study. Simultaneously, bark anatomy could be a useful source of data to complement molecular phylogenetic studies in a total evidence approach for systematics.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bark (all tissues outside of the vascular cambium) has been extensively studied in recent years, especially its anatomy and physiology. Macromorphological bark characters can be important taxonomically for many plant groups, including the genus Buddleja (Scrophulariaceae). However, the relationship between macroscopic bark appearance and its microscopic structure remains obscure, hampering the use and interpretation of bark traits in plant taxonomy and phylogenetics as well as in other fields of botany. We studied micro- and macrostructure of bark in the species of Buddleja representing wide taxonomic and geographic diversity to identify general relationships between bark anatomy and morphology. We also examined Buddleja xylem and discussed the importance of anatomical traits for understanding the relationships between clades in this genus. The smooth bark surface in sect. Gomphostigma and the outgroup (Freylinia spp.) relates to the small number of periderms of superficial origin and limited sclerification. This allows for the retention of visible lenticels. In the rest of Buddleja, bark sloughs off and division of labour is present: collapsed phloem undergoes sclerification and acts as a protective layer, while thin-walled phellem forms the separation layers. A similar pattern is found in some groups (e.g. Lonicera), but in others (e.g. Vitis and the species of Eucalyptus with stringy bark), the pattern is inversed. Wood and bark anatomy supports a sister relationship between the southern African section Gomphostigma and the rest of Buddleja but is taxonomically uninformative among remaining clades. Limited development of periderms and sclerification allows for the retention of a smooth bark surface and conspicuous lenticels. Sloughing off of bark requires division of labour into a lignified protective layer and a thin-walled separation layer. These two functions are never served by a single tissue but are rather divided between phloem and periderm. How more subtle features (e.g. size and shape of fissures) are determined requires further study. Simultaneously, bark anatomy could be a useful source of data to complement molecular phylogenetic studies in a total evidence approach for systematics.
2022
Frankiewicz, Kamil E; Banasiak, Łukasz; Oskolski, Alexei; Reduron, Jean-Pierre; Reyes-Betancort, Jorge Alfredo; Alsarraf, Mohammed; Trzeciak, Paulina; Spalik, Krzysztof
Long-distance dispersal events rather than growth habit and life-history traits affect diversification rate in tribe Apieae (Apiaceae) Journal Article
In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 198, no. 1, pp. 1–25, 2022, ISSN: 0024-4074, (boab032).
@article{10.1093/botlinnean/boab032,
title = {Long-distance dispersal events rather than growth habit and life-history traits affect diversification rate in tribe Apieae (Apiaceae)},
author = {Kamil E Frankiewicz and Łukasz Banasiak and Alexei Oskolski and Jean-Pierre Reduron and Jorge Alfredo Reyes-Betancort and Mohammed Alsarraf and Paulina Trzeciak and Krzysztof Spalik},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boab032},
doi = {10.1093/botlinnean/boab032},
issn = {0024-4074},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society},
volume = {198},
number = {1},
pages = {1–25},
abstract = {Factors influencing diversification rates may be of intrinsic (e.g. morphological novelties) or extrinsic (e.g. long-distance dispersal, availability of ecological niches) nature. Growth habit may influence diversification rates because herbaceous plants often have shorter generation times and a more pronounced r reproductive strategy than their woody relatives. We examined life history and habit evolution, wood anatomy and biogeographical history of Apiaceae tribe Apieae in conjunction with diversification rate analysis to explore which factors may have affected clade species richness and to elucidate the constraints on the evolution of secondary woodiness in this group. We demonstrate that diversification rates are similar in morphologically homogeneous and diverse clades and in herbaceous and woody lineages. The only clade with a significantly elevated diversification rate is Southern Hemisphere Apium, in which diversity probably resulted from several long-distance dispersal events. We also show that wood anatomy in herbaceous and woody species does not differ considerably regardless of their continental or insular origin, but it is affected by stem architecture and plant reproductive strategy. As the taxonomy of Apieae suffers from inflation with numerous monotypic genera, we propose to include Canaria in Rutheopsis, and Foeniculum, Schoenoselinum, Ridolfia and Pseudoridolfia in Anethum.},
note = {boab032},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Factors influencing diversification rates may be of intrinsic (e.g. morphological novelties) or extrinsic (e.g. long-distance dispersal, availability of ecological niches) nature. Growth habit may influence diversification rates because herbaceous plants often have shorter generation times and a more pronounced r reproductive strategy than their woody relatives. We examined life history and habit evolution, wood anatomy and biogeographical history of Apiaceae tribe Apieae in conjunction with diversification rate analysis to explore which factors may have affected clade species richness and to elucidate the constraints on the evolution of secondary woodiness in this group. We demonstrate that diversification rates are similar in morphologically homogeneous and diverse clades and in herbaceous and woody lineages. The only clade with a significantly elevated diversification rate is Southern Hemisphere Apium, in which diversity probably resulted from several long-distance dispersal events. We also show that wood anatomy in herbaceous and woody species does not differ considerably regardless of their continental or insular origin, but it is affected by stem architecture and plant reproductive strategy. As the taxonomy of Apieae suffers from inflation with numerous monotypic genera, we propose to include Canaria in Rutheopsis, and Foeniculum, Schoenoselinum, Ridolfia and Pseudoridolfia in Anethum.
2021
Frankiewicz, Kamil E; Oskolski, Alexei A; Reduron, Jean-Pierre; Banasiak, Łukasz; Reyes-Betancort, Jorge-Alfredo; Trzeciak, Paulina; Spalik, Krzysztof
Stem anatomy of Apioideae (Apiaceae): effects of habit and reproductive strategy Journal Article
In: IAWA Journal, vol. 43, no. 1-2, pp. 42-65, 2021, ISSN: 0928-1541 .
@article{Stem2021,
title = {Stem anatomy of Apioideae (Apiaceae): effects of habit and reproductive strategy },
author = {Kamil E Frankiewicz and Alexei A Oskolski and Jean-Pierre Reduron and Łukasz Banasiak and Jorge-Alfredo Reyes-Betancort and Paulina Trzeciak and Krzysztof Spalik},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-bja10078},
issn = {0928-1541 },
year = {2021},
date = {2021-12-03},
journal = {IAWA Journal},
volume = {43},
number = {1-2},
pages = {42-65},
abstract = {Apioideae is the biggest and the most diverse of four subfamilies recognised within Apiaceae. Except for a few, likely derived, woody clades, most representatives of this subfamily are herbaceous. In the present study, we assessed stem anatomy of 87, mostly therophytic and hemicryptophytic, species from at least 20 distinct lineages of Apioideae, and juxtaposed them with 67 species from our previous anatomical projects also focused on this subfamily. Comparing our data with the literature, we found that wood anatomy does not allow for a distinction between apioids and their close relatives (Azorelloideae, Saniculoideae), but more distantly related Mackinlayoideae differ from Apioideae in their perforation plate type. Vessel element and fibre length, and vessel diameter were positively correlated with plant height: phenomena already reported in literature. Similar pattern was retrieved for vertical intervessel pit diameter. Wood ground tissue in apioids ranges from entirely fibrous to parenchymatous. The shortening of internodes seems to favour the formation of parenchymatic ground tissue, whereas the early shift to flowering promotes the deposition of fibrous wood in monocarpic species. These results support a hypothesis on interdependence among internode length, reproductive strategy, and wood ground tissue type.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Apioideae is the biggest and the most diverse of four subfamilies recognised within Apiaceae. Except for a few, likely derived, woody clades, most representatives of this subfamily are herbaceous. In the present study, we assessed stem anatomy of 87, mostly therophytic and hemicryptophytic, species from at least 20 distinct lineages of Apioideae, and juxtaposed them with 67 species from our previous anatomical projects also focused on this subfamily. Comparing our data with the literature, we found that wood anatomy does not allow for a distinction between apioids and their close relatives (Azorelloideae, Saniculoideae), but more distantly related Mackinlayoideae differ from Apioideae in their perforation plate type. Vessel element and fibre length, and vessel diameter were positively correlated with plant height: phenomena already reported in literature. Similar pattern was retrieved for vertical intervessel pit diameter. Wood ground tissue in apioids ranges from entirely fibrous to parenchymatous. The shortening of internodes seems to favour the formation of parenchymatic ground tissue, whereas the early shift to flowering promotes the deposition of fibrous wood in monocarpic species. These results support a hypothesis on interdependence among internode length, reproductive strategy, and wood ground tissue type.
Frankiewicz, Kamil E; Banasiak, Łukasz; Oskolski, Alexei A; Magee, Anthony R; Alsarraf, Mohammad; Trzeciak, Paulina; Spalik, Krzysztof
Derived woodiness and annual habit evolved in African umbellifers as alternative solutions for coping with drought Journal Article
In: BMC Plant Biology, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 383, 2021, ISSN: 1471-2229.
@article{Frankiewicz2021,
title = {Derived woodiness and annual habit evolved in African umbellifers as alternative solutions for coping with drought},
author = {Kamil E Frankiewicz and {Ł}ukasz Banasiak and Alexei A Oskolski and Anthony R Magee and Mohammad Alsarraf and Paulina Trzeciak and Krzysztof Spalik},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-03151-x},
doi = {10.1186/s12870-021-03151-x},
issn = {1471-2229},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {BMC Plant Biology},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {383},
abstract = {One of the major trends in angiosperm evolution was the shift from woody to herbaceous habit. However, reversals known as derived woodiness have also been reported in numerous, distantly related clades. Among theories evoked to explain the factors promoting the evolution of derived woodiness are moderate climate theory and cavitation theory. The first assumes that woody habit evolves in response to mild climate allowing for prolonged life span, which in turn leads to bigger and woodier bodies. The second sees woodiness as a result of natural selection for higher cavitation resistance in seasonally dry environments. Here, we compare climatic niches of woody and herbaceous, mostly southern African, umbellifers from the Lefebvrea clade to assess whether woody taxa in fact occur in markedly drier habitats. We also calibrate their phylogeny to estimate when derived woodiness evolved. Finally, we describe the wood anatomy of selected woody and herbaceous taxa to see if life forms are linked to any particular wood traits.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
One of the major trends in angiosperm evolution was the shift from woody to herbaceous habit. However, reversals known as derived woodiness have also been reported in numerous, distantly related clades. Among theories evoked to explain the factors promoting the evolution of derived woodiness are moderate climate theory and cavitation theory. The first assumes that woody habit evolves in response to mild climate allowing for prolonged life span, which in turn leads to bigger and woodier bodies. The second sees woodiness as a result of natural selection for higher cavitation resistance in seasonally dry environments. Here, we compare climatic niches of woody and herbaceous, mostly southern African, umbellifers from the Lefebvrea clade to assess whether woody taxa in fact occur in markedly drier habitats. We also calibrate their phylogeny to estimate when derived woodiness evolved. Finally, we describe the wood anatomy of selected woody and herbaceous taxa to see if life forms are linked to any particular wood traits.
2020
Frankiewicz, Kamil E; Chau, John H; Oskolski, Alexei A
Wood and bark of Buddleja: uniseriate phellem, and systematic and ecological patterns Journal Article
In: IAWA Journal, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 3–30, 2020, ISBN: 0928-1541.
@article{Woodandbark,
title = {Wood and bark of Buddleja: uniseriate phellem, and systematic and ecological patterns},
author = {Frankiewicz, Kamil E and Chau, John H and Oskolski, Alexei A},
url = {https://brill.com/view/journals/iawa/42/1/article-p3{\\_}2.xml},
doi = {10.1163/22941932-bja10020},
isbn = {0928-1541},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-07-20},
journal = {IAWA Journal},
volume = {42},
number = {1},
pages = {3--30},
abstract = {Wood anatomy of Buddleja is well-explored but not in many southern African members, which form a grade of species and small clades that form successive sister groups to the rest of the genus, and its bark structure has not been studied at all. We provide new descriptions of wood anatomy for twelve species, including nearly all Buddleja from southern Africa and two species of Freylinia in the sister group of Buddleja . We also describe bark structure from fifteen species. To assess if wood anatomy provides phylogenetic and/or ecological signal, we compiled data on wood traits and climatic variables from the distributions of 53 species. Wood traits counteracting cavitation correlated with higher temperature and precipitation seasonality; simultaneously they were better expressed in species with smaller maximal plant height. It is likely that hotter and drier areas harbour smaller plants which have traits conveying higher conductance safety. Bark structure varies considerably. In bark of Buddleja section Gomphostigma , periderm is initiated in the outer cortex and develops thin-walled phellem, and sclerification of their phloem does not occur. This resembles bark in Freylinia , supporting the position of section Gomphostigma as sister to the rest of Buddleja . In the remaining Buddleja species, bark is characterised by formation of periderm with phelloid cells in the secondary phloem. The phellem is often uniseriate, a condition not reported elsewhere. Its formation occurs close in time to solid sclerification of the cut-off phloem, suggesting a possible novel ontogenetic mechanism.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Wood anatomy of Buddleja is well-explored but not in many southern African members, which form a grade of species and small clades that form successive sister groups to the rest of the genus, and its bark structure has not been studied at all. We provide new descriptions of wood anatomy for twelve species, including nearly all Buddleja from southern Africa and two species of Freylinia in the sister group of Buddleja . We also describe bark structure from fifteen species. To assess if wood anatomy provides phylogenetic and/or ecological signal, we compiled data on wood traits and climatic variables from the distributions of 53 species. Wood traits counteracting cavitation correlated with higher temperature and precipitation seasonality; simultaneously they were better expressed in species with smaller maximal plant height. It is likely that hotter and drier areas harbour smaller plants which have traits conveying higher conductance safety. Bark structure varies considerably. In bark of Buddleja section Gomphostigma , periderm is initiated in the outer cortex and develops thin-walled phellem, and sclerification of their phloem does not occur. This resembles bark in Freylinia , supporting the position of section Gomphostigma as sister to the rest of Buddleja . In the remaining Buddleja species, bark is characterised by formation of periderm with phelloid cells in the secondary phloem. The phellem is often uniseriate, a condition not reported elsewhere. Its formation occurs close in time to solid sclerification of the cut-off phloem, suggesting a possible novel ontogenetic mechanism.
Frankiewicz, Kamil E; Oskolski, Alexei; Banasiak, Łukasz; Fernandes, Francisco; Reduron, Jean-Pierre; Reyes-Betancort, Jorge-Alfredo; Szczeparska, Liliana; Alsarraf, Mohammed; Baczyński, Jakub; Spalik, Krzysztof
Parallel evolution of arborescent carrots (Daucus) in Macaronesia Journal Article
In: American Journal of Botany, vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 394-412, 2020.
@article{https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1444,
title = {Parallel evolution of arborescent carrots (Daucus) in Macaronesia},
author = {Kamil E Frankiewicz and Alexei Oskolski and Łukasz Banasiak and Francisco Fernandes and Jean-Pierre Reduron and Jorge-Alfredo Reyes-Betancort and Liliana Szczeparska and Mohammed Alsarraf and Jakub Baczyński and Krzysztof Spalik},
url = {https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajb2.1444},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1444},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {American Journal of Botany},
volume = {107},
number = {3},
pages = {394-412},
abstract = {Premise Despite intensive research, the pathways and driving forces behind the evolution of derived woodiness on oceanic islands remain obscure. The genus Daucus comprises mostly herbs (therophytes, hemicryptophytes) with few rosette treelets (chamaephytes) endemic to various Macaronesian archipelagos, suggesting their independent evolution. To elucidate the evolutionary pathways to derived woodiness, we examined phylogenetic relationships and the habit and secondary xylem evolution in Daucus and related taxa. Methods Sixty taxa were surveyed for molecular markers, life history, and habit traits. Twenty-one species were considered for wood anatomical characters. A dated phylogeny was estimated using Bayesian methods. The evolution of selected traits was reconstructed using parsimony and maximum likelihood. Results Daucus dispersed independently to the Canary Islands (and subsequently to Madeira), Cape Verde, and the Azores in the late Miocene and Pleistocene. Life span, reproductive strategy, and life form were highly homoplastic; the ancestor of Daucus was probably a monocarpic, biennial hemicryptophyte. Rosette treelets evolved independently in the Canarian-Madeiran lineage and in Cape Verde, the latter within the last 0.13 Myr. Treelets and hemicryptophytes did not differ in wood anatomy. Pervasive axial parenchyma in wood occurred more often in polycarpic rather than monocarpic species. Conclusions Life span and life form in Daucus are evolutionarily labile and may change independently of wood anatomy, which is related to plant reproductive strategy rather than to life form. Insular woodiness may evolve rapidly (as demonstrated in D. bischoffii), and in Daucus, it does not seem to be an adaptation to lower the risk of xylem embolism.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Premise Despite intensive research, the pathways and driving forces behind the evolution of derived woodiness on oceanic islands remain obscure. The genus Daucus comprises mostly herbs (therophytes, hemicryptophytes) with few rosette treelets (chamaephytes) endemic to various Macaronesian archipelagos, suggesting their independent evolution. To elucidate the evolutionary pathways to derived woodiness, we examined phylogenetic relationships and the habit and secondary xylem evolution in Daucus and related taxa. Methods Sixty taxa were surveyed for molecular markers, life history, and habit traits. Twenty-one species were considered for wood anatomical characters. A dated phylogeny was estimated using Bayesian methods. The evolution of selected traits was reconstructed using parsimony and maximum likelihood. Results Daucus dispersed independently to the Canary Islands (and subsequently to Madeira), Cape Verde, and the Azores in the late Miocene and Pleistocene. Life span, reproductive strategy, and life form were highly homoplastic; the ancestor of Daucus was probably a monocarpic, biennial hemicryptophyte. Rosette treelets evolved independently in the Canarian-Madeiran lineage and in Cape Verde, the latter within the last 0.13 Myr. Treelets and hemicryptophytes did not differ in wood anatomy. Pervasive axial parenchyma in wood occurred more often in polycarpic rather than monocarpic species. Conclusions Life span and life form in Daucus are evolutionarily labile and may change independently of wood anatomy, which is related to plant reproductive strategy rather than to life form. Insular woodiness may evolve rapidly (as demonstrated in D. bischoffii), and in Daucus, it does not seem to be an adaptation to lower the risk of xylem embolism.
2019
Wojewódzka, Aneta; Baczyński, Jakub; Banasiak, Łukasz; Downie, Stephen R; Czarnocka-Cieciura, Agnieszka; Gierek, Michał; Frankiewicz, Kamil; Spalik, Krzysztof
Evolutionary shifts in fruit dispersal syndromes in Apiaceae tribe Scandiceae Journal Article
In: Plant Systematics and Evolution, vol. 305, no. 5, pp. 401–414, 2019, ISSN: 0378-2697, 2199-6881.
@article{wojewodzka_evolutionary_2019,
title = {Evolutionary shifts in fruit dispersal syndromes in Apiaceae tribe Scandiceae},
author = {Aneta Wojewódzka and Jakub Baczyński and Łukasz Banasiak and Stephen R Downie and Agnieszka Czarnocka-Cieciura and Michał Gierek and Kamil Frankiewicz and Krzysztof Spalik},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00606-019-01579-1},
doi = {10.1007/s00606-019-01579-1},
issn = {0378-2697, 2199-6881},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
urldate = {2021-02-03},
journal = {Plant Systematics and Evolution},
volume = {305},
number = {5},
pages = {401--414},
abstract = {Apiaceae tribe Scandiceae includes species with diverse fruits that depending upon their morphology are dispersed by gravity, carried away by wind, or transported attached to animal fur or feathers. This diversity is particularly evident in Scandiceae subtribe Daucinae, a group encompassing species with wings or spines developing on fruit secondary ribs. In this paper, we explore fruit evolution in 86 representatives of Scandiceae and outgroups to assess adaptive shifts related to the evolutionary switch between anemochory and epizoochory and to identify possible dispersal syndromes, i.e., patterns of covariation of morphological and life-history traits that are associated with a particular vector. We also assess the phylogenetic signal in fruit traits. Principal component analysis of 16 quantitative fruit characters and of plant height did not clearly separate species having different dispersal strategies as estimated based on fruit appendages. Only presumed anemochory was weakly associated with plant height and the flattening of mericarps with their accompanying anatomical changes. We conclude that in Scandiceae, there are no distinct dispersal syndromes, but a continuum of fruit morphologies relying on different dispersal vectors. Phylogenetic mapping of ten discrete fruit characters on trees inferred by nrDNA ITS and cpDNA sequence data revealed that all are homoplastic and of limited use for the delimitation of genera. Spines evolved from wings developing on secondary ribs. We hypothesize that spines cannot form on primary ribs because these contain vascular bundles that may constrain such a transformation. We describe a new subtribe for Artedia and propose three new combinations in Daucus.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Apiaceae tribe Scandiceae includes species with diverse fruits that depending upon their morphology are dispersed by gravity, carried away by wind, or transported attached to animal fur or feathers. This diversity is particularly evident in Scandiceae subtribe Daucinae, a group encompassing species with wings or spines developing on fruit secondary ribs. In this paper, we explore fruit evolution in 86 representatives of Scandiceae and outgroups to assess adaptive shifts related to the evolutionary switch between anemochory and epizoochory and to identify possible dispersal syndromes, i.e., patterns of covariation of morphological and life-history traits that are associated with a particular vector. We also assess the phylogenetic signal in fruit traits. Principal component analysis of 16 quantitative fruit characters and of plant height did not clearly separate species having different dispersal strategies as estimated based on fruit appendages. Only presumed anemochory was weakly associated with plant height and the flattening of mericarps with their accompanying anatomical changes. We conclude that in Scandiceae, there are no distinct dispersal syndromes, but a continuum of fruit morphologies relying on different dispersal vectors. Phylogenetic mapping of ten discrete fruit characters on trees inferred by nrDNA ITS and cpDNA sequence data revealed that all are homoplastic and of limited use for the delimitation of genera. Spines evolved from wings developing on secondary ribs. We hypothesize that spines cannot form on primary ribs because these contain vascular bundles that may constrain such a transformation. We describe a new subtribe for Artedia and propose three new combinations in Daucus.
Grzybowski, Marcin; Adamczyk, Józef; Jończyk, Maciej; Sobkowiak, Alicja; Szczepanik, Jarosław; Frankiewicz, Kamil; Fronk, Jan; Sowiński, Paweł
Increased photosensitivity at early growth as a possible mechanism of maize adaptation to cold springs Journal Article
In: Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 70, no. 10, pp. 2887-2904, 2019, ISSN: 0022-0957.
@article{10.1093/jxb/erz096,
title = {Increased photosensitivity at early growth as a possible mechanism of maize adaptation to cold springs},
author = {Marcin Grzybowski and Józef Adamczyk and Maciej Jończyk and Alicja Sobkowiak and Jarosław Szczepanik and Kamil Frankiewicz and Jan Fronk and Paweł Sowiński},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz096},
doi = {10.1093/jxb/erz096},
issn = {0022-0957},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Botany},
volume = {70},
number = {10},
pages = {2887-2904},
abstract = {Maize is a cold-sensitive species, but selective breeding programs have recently succeeded in producing plants strikingly well adapted to the cold springs of a temperate climate, showing the potential for improved cold tolerance. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the adaptation of some inbred lines to spring chills is due to their increased true cold tolerance or whether it only represents an avoidance mechanism, which was the sole mode of adaptation during early stages of agricultural dispersal of maize towards higher latitudes. By characterizing numerous physiological features of several lines of different cold sensitivity, we show that a combination of both avoidance and tolerance is involved. A novel avoidance mechanism was found that favored unhindered development of the photosynthetic apparatus through protection of the shoot apex below soil level due to a shortened mesocotyl. It seems to be mediated by increased seedling photosensitivity at early growth stages. True tolerance involved improved protection of the cell membrane against cold injury at temperatures close to 0 °C and stimulation of light-induced processes (accumulation of anthocyanins, carotenoids, and chlorophyll, proper development of chloroplasts) at temperatures in the range of 10–14 °C, likely also related to the increased photosensitivity and mediated by gibberellin signaling.},
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pubstate = {published},
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Maize is a cold-sensitive species, but selective breeding programs have recently succeeded in producing plants strikingly well adapted to the cold springs of a temperate climate, showing the potential for improved cold tolerance. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the adaptation of some inbred lines to spring chills is due to their increased true cold tolerance or whether it only represents an avoidance mechanism, which was the sole mode of adaptation during early stages of agricultural dispersal of maize towards higher latitudes. By characterizing numerous physiological features of several lines of different cold sensitivity, we show that a combination of both avoidance and tolerance is involved. A novel avoidance mechanism was found that favored unhindered development of the photosynthetic apparatus through protection of the shoot apex below soil level due to a shortened mesocotyl. It seems to be mediated by increased seedling photosensitivity at early growth stages. True tolerance involved improved protection of the cell membrane against cold injury at temperatures close to 0 °C and stimulation of light-induced processes (accumulation of anthocyanins, carotenoids, and chlorophyll, proper development of chloroplasts) at temperatures in the range of 10–14 °C, likely also related to the increased photosensitivity and mediated by gibberellin signaling.