dr Sergi López-Torres

@article{https://doi.org/10.4202/app.01194.2024,

title = {Crocodylian remains from the Miocene of the Fore-Carpathian Basin and its foreland—including the world’s northernmost Neogene crocodylian},

author = {Marcin Górka and Jakub Březina and Milan Chroust and Rafał Kowalski and Sergi López-Torres and Mateusz Tałanda},

url = {https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app011942024.html},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.4202/app.01194.2024},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-05-09},

urldate = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Acta Palaeontologica Polonica},

volume = {70},

number = {2},

pages = {225-251},

abstract = {Abstract The geographic distribution of Crocodylia in Europe throughout the Cenozoic experienced fluctuations in the extension 

of its northern limit. Whereas crocodylians reached very high latitudes during the early Eocene (78ºN), their northward 

extension was more moderate during almost the entire Paleogene and the Neogene. Here we reassess previous Early-to- 

Middle Miocene crocodylian records from the Fore-Carpathian Basin and its foreland, namely from marine limestones 

of Pińczów (Poland), and Židlochovice (Czechia) and from the new vertebrate site of Szczerców (Poland), currently 

interpreted as a freshwater paleoenvironment. All crocodylian material from these three sites represents Crocodylia indet. 

and its possible taxonomic attribution is discussed. The new Szczerców specimen, an osteoderm, represents the world’s 

northernmost record of a crocodylian from the entire Neogene.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lang2025,

title = {But how does it smell? An investigation of olfactory bulb size among living and fossil primates and other euarchontoglirans},

author = {Madlen M. Lang and Mary T. Silcox and Łucja Fostowicz‐Frelik and Adam Lis and Sergi López‐Torres and San Martin‐Flores, Gabriela and Ornella C. Bertrand},

doi = {10.1002/ar.25651},

issn = {1932-8494},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-03-10},

urldate = {2025-03-10},

journal = {The Anatomical Record},

publisher = {Wiley},

abstract = {<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Primates are often considered to have a poor sense of smell. While all studies identify small olfactory bulbs (OB; the region of the brain responsible for processing scent) among haplorhines, whether or not strepsirrhines also possess small OBs is less clear, as is the evolutionary backdrop from which these patterns emerged. Here, we examine the relative size of the olfactory bulbs in cranial endocasts of living and fossil primates and their kin (Euarchontoglires [Primates, Dermoptera, Scandentia, Rodentia, Lagomorpha]), testing previous hypotheses. Regression analyses of OB volume and mass relative to endocranial volume (ECV) and body mass (BM), and ANOVAS of residuals, were performed on a dataset of 181 extant and 41 extinct species. Analyses show clear differences in the relative size of the OBs, with haplorhines possessing distinctly smaller OBs relative to all other clades. Pairwise tests indicate haplorhine OBs are significantly smaller than those of all other clades, including strepsirrhines; when the haplorhines are removed from analyses, strepsirrhines are significantly smaller than all other clades. This suggests that a reduction in OB size occurred at the crown primate node, a pattern also seen in ancestral state reconstruction (ASR) analyses. The ASR analyses suggest multiple iterations of olfactory bulb size decrease occurred in Haplorhini, reflecting large amounts of parallelism. These results likely differ from previous studies due to the inclusion of additional fossils and more appropriate outgroups based on up‐to‐date phylogenetic hypotheses.</jats:p>},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{ani15030345,

title = {Sensory Reconstruction of the Fossil Lorisid Mioeuoticus: Systematic and Evolutionary Implications},

author = {Holly E. Anderson and Adam Lis and Ingrid Lundeen and Mary T. Silcox and Sergi López-Torres},

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/3/345},

doi = {10.3390/ani15030345},

issn = {2076-2615},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-25},

urldate = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Animals},

volume = {15},

number = {3},

pages = {345},

abstract = {The fossil record of lorises and pottos (family Lorisidae) potentially dates back to the late Oligocene of Namibia, but a later moderate diversification of this family occurred during the Miocene of Africa and Asia. In the African Miocene, the family Lorisidae is represented solely by one genus: Mioeuoticus. The phyletic position of Mioeuoticus has been a source of debate, as it has been suggested to belong to either the stem of the family Lorisidae or to be further nested within lorisids, as a sister to the African potto clade (subfamily Perodicticinae). Reconstructing the internal sensory anatomy of Mioeuoticus shipmani (KNM-RU 2052) could shed some light on this debate and possibly clarify how modern lorisoid olfactory and visual sensitivity and locomotor abilities evolved. Here, we collected data from the nasal turbinals, bony labyrinths, and orbits of Mioeuoticus shipmani from the early Miocene of Rusinga Island, Kenya. These results are consistent with Mioeuoticus, having developed typical modern lorisid behaviour (i.e., slow locomotion, nocturnal activity pattern) and olfactory abilities consistent with modern representatives. However, the arrangement of the nasal turbinals shows an intermediate state between lemuroids and lorisoids that is most consistent with a basal position of Mioeuoticus within the family Lorisidae or even the superfamily Lorisoidea.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ara2024,

title = {New Euungulate Fossils from the Middle Siwalik Subgroup of the Potwar Plateau of Northern Pakistan},

author = {Chaman Ara and Riffat Yasin and Hafiz M. Ishaq and Shakila Naz and Tayyaba Sultana and Khizar Samiullah and Fahad A. Al‐Misned and Kifayait Ullah and Holly E. Anderson and Sergi López‐Torres and Asghar Abbas},

doi = {10.1002/gj.5081},

issn = {1099-1034},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-11-14},

urldate = {2024-11-14},

journal = {Geological Journal},

volume = {60},

issue = {1},

pages = {133--162},

publisher = {Wiley},

abstract = {<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title><jats:p>This article provides a detailed taxonomic study of mammalian fossil fauna from five localities situated within the Middle Siwalik subgroup including the Nagri and Dhok Pathan formations in Punjab, Pakistan. Twenty‐three euungulate specimens comprised of isolated teeth, and maxillary and mandibular fragments, are described. This collection includes the bovid, <jats:italic>Elachistoceras</jats:italic>; a very rare faunal element in the Siwaliks of Pakistan, as well as <jats:italic>Elachistoceras khauristanensis</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Pachyportax latidens</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Giraffa punjabiensis</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Bramatherium grande</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Merycopotamus dissimilis</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Dorcatherium minus</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Dorcatherium majus</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Hippopotamodon sivalense</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Sivalhippus theobaldi</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Sivalhippus nagriensis</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Brachypotherium perimense</jats:italic> These fossil remains add important new insights into the taxonomy and diversity of Late Miocene mammal faunas of the Middle Siwaliks. The data is important for understanding the biogeographical and palaeoenvironmental history of the region. The characteristics of the fossils described in this study further support the currently hypothesised presence of a massive open land environment with variable wet and dry seasons alike to that of the current climate in Eurasia and Africa. The variable habitat niches of these co‐existing fauna also give further support to the supposition that there was a much more mixed array of palaeoenvironments ranging from a prevalence of woodland to expansive savannah territory during the deposition of Nagri and Dhok Pathan formations.</jats:p>},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Raza2024,

title = {New sivatheriine giraffid (Ruminantia, Mammalia) craniodental material from the Siwaliks of Pakistan},

author = {Tehreem Raza and Riffat Yasin and Sergi López-Torres and Natalie M. Warburton and Khizar Samiullah and Abdul Ghaffar and Muhammad N. Khan and Chaman Ara and Eisha Muzaffar},

doi = {10.1080/02724634.2024.2376241},

issn = {1937-2809},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-10-01},

urldate = {2024-10-01},

journal = {Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology},

volume = {44},

issue = {1},

pages = {e2376241},

publisher = {Informa UK Limited},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{López-Torres2024,

title = {The allometry of brain size in Euarchontoglires: clade-specific patterns and their impact on encephalization quotients},

author = {Sergi López-Torres and Ornella C Bertrand and Łucja Fostowicz-Frelik and Madlen M Lang and Chris J Law and San Martin-Flores, Gabriela and Michael A Schillaci and Mary T Silcox},

editor = {Deyan Ge},

doi = {10.1093/jmammal/gyae084},

issn = {1545-1542},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-08-16},

urldate = {2024-08-16},

journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},

volume = {105},

issue = {6},

pages = {1430-1445},

publisher = {Oxford University Press (OUP)},

abstract = {The timing and nature of evolutionary shifts in the relative brain size of Primates have been extensively studied. Less is known, however, about the scaling of the brain-to-body size in their closest living relatives, i.e., among other members of Euarchontoglires (Dermoptera, Scandentia, Lagomorpha, Rodentia). Ordinary least squares (OLS), reduced major axis (RMA), and phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) regressions were fitted to the largest euarchontogliran data set of brain and body mass, comprising 715 species. Contrary to previous inferences, lagomorph brain sizes (PGLS slope = 0.465; OLS slope = 0.593) scale relative to body mass similarly to rodents (PGLS = 0.526; OLS = 0.638), and differently than primates (PGLS = 0.607; OLS = 0.794). There is a shift in the pattern of the scaling of the brain in Primates, with Strepsirrhini occupying an intermediate stage similar to Scandentia but different from Rodentia and Lagomorpha, while Haplorhini differ from all other groups in the OLS and RMA analyses. The unique brain–body scaling relationship of Primates among Euarchontoglires illustrates the need for clade-specific metrics for relative brain size (i.e., encephalization quotients; EQs) for more restricted taxonomic entities than Mammalia. We created clade-specific regular and phylogenetically adjusted EQ equations at superordinal, ordinal, and subordinal levels. When using fossils as test cases, our results show that generalized mammalian equations underestimate the encephalization of the stem lagomorph Megalagus turgidus in the context of lagomorphs, overestimate the encephalization of the stem primate Microsyops annectens and the early euprimate Necrolemur antiquus, but provide similar EQ values as our new strepsirrhine-specific EQ when applied to the early euprimate Adapis parisiensis.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Brady2024,

title = {The effects of ordered multistate morphological characters on phylogenetic analyses of eutherian mammals},

author = {Peggy L. Brady and Castellon Arteaga, Alejandro and Sergi López-Torres and Mark S. Springer},

url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10914-024-09727-2},

doi = {10.1007/s10914-024-09727-2},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-07-18},

urldate = {2024-07-18},

journal = {Journal of Mammalian Evolution},

volume = {31},

pages = {28},

publisher = {Springer Link},

abstract = {Multistate morphological characters are routinely used in phylogenetic analyses. Individual multistate characters may be treated as linearly ordered, partially ordered, or unordered. Each option implies a hypothesis of character evolution, and significant debate surrounds the appropriateness of ordering multistate characters. Several previous analyses support ordering multistate morphological characters when the character states form a morphocline. Here, we explore the effects of ordering a subset of characters in the largest morphological character matrix that is available for placental mammals. All multistate characters were assessed and were ordered only if the character states were meristic or hypothesized to form a morphocline. We then performed parsimony analyses, with and without molecular scaffolds, to examine the effects of ordering on placental mammal phylogeny. We also performed pseudoextinction analyses, which treated designated extant taxa as extinct by eliminating them from the molecular scaffold and scoring soft-tissue characters as missing, to determine if ordered or unordered characters would more accurately reconstruct the relationships of pseudoextinct placental orders. Character ordering affected the placement of a variety of taxa in non-scaffolded analyses, but the effects were less evident in scaffolded analyses. Nevertheless, one of the islands of most parsimonious trees with the ordered data set and a scaffold for extant taxa supported the inclusion of Leptictida, including the Late Cretaceous Gypsonictops, inside of crown Placentalia. Our analyses rarely supported the monophyly of Tamirtheria, the Late Cretaceous-Paleogene stem-based clade that is hypothesized to be the sister to Placentalia. Pseudoextinction analyses using ordered and unordered characters both reconstructed 12 of 19 pseudoextinct orders in positions that are incongruent with a well-supported molecular scaffold. These results suggest that the use of ordered multistate characters does not increase the proportion of well-supported molecular clades that are reconstructed with the largest available phenomic data set for placental mammals.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Same-sex sexual behaviour among mammals is widely observed, yet seldomly reported: Evidence from an online expert survey},

author = {Karyn A. Anderson and Julie A. Teichroeb and Malcolm S. Ramsay and Iulia Bădescu and Sergi López-Torres and James K. Gibb},

url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0304885},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0304885},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-06-20},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {19},

issue = {6},

pages = {e0304885},

abstract = {Same-sex sexual behaviour (SSSB) occurs in most animal clades, but published reports are largely concentrated in a few taxa. Thus, there remains a paucity of published reports for most mammalian species. We conducted a cross-sectional expert survey to better understand the underlying reasons for the lack of publications on this topic. Most respondents researched Primates (83.6%, N = 61), while the rest studied Carnivora (6.9%, N = 5), Rodentia (4.1%, N = 3), Artiodactyla (2.7%, N = 2), and Proboscidea (2.7%, N = 2). Most respondents (76.7%, N = 56) had observed SSSB in their study species, but only 48.2% (N = 27) collected data on SSSB, and few (18.5%, N = 5) had published papers on SSSB. Of the unique species identified as engaging in SSSB in the survey, 38.6% (N = 17) have no existing reports of SSSB to the knowledge of the authors. In both the survey questions and freeform responses, most respondents indicated that their lack of data collection or publication on SSSB was because the behaviours were rare, or because it was not a research priority of their lab. No respondents reported discomfort or sociopolitical concerns at their university or field site as a reason for why they did not collect data or publish on SSSB. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to assess whether taxa studied, education level, or identification within the LGBTQ+ community predicted observing, collecting data on, or publishing on SSSB, but none of these variables were significant predictors. These results provide preliminary evidence that SSSB occurs more frequently than what is available in the published record and suggest that this may be due to a publishing bias against anecdotal evidence.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-024-00433-7,

title = {Dental Topographic Analysis of Living and Fossil Lorisoids: Investigations into Markers of Exudate Feeding in Lorises and Galagos},

author = {Keegan R. Selig and Sergi López-Torres and Anne M. Burrows and Mary T. Silcox},

url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10764-024-00433-7},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-024-00433-7},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-05-08},

urldate = {2024-05-08},

journal = {International Journal of Primatology},

volume = {45},

pages = {951-971},

abstract = {Abstract Studies integrating patterns of molar morphology and diet are particularly useful to address questions of evolutionary history and diet in extinct taxa. However, such studies are lacking among lorisoids compared with other primates. Lorisoidea is distinctive when considering diet as some taxa consume large quantities of gums or exudates, whereas others consume none. Although there has been previous study of the relationship between craniodental form and exudate feeding, little is known about how patterns of exudate feeding covary with variation in molar topography. We analyzed a sample (n = 52) of lorisoids representing 17 extant taxa and one extinct taxon (Karanisia clarki). We used dental topographic metrics to quantify functional aspects (i.e., curvature, complexity, and relief) of occlusal morphology. We also used ancestral state reconstruction to estimate topographic parameters for the last common ancestors (LCA) of Lorisoidea, Lorisidae, and Galagidae. As with previous studies, we found that higher topographic values characterize insectivores, whereas frugivores tend to have lower values. We reconstructed the LCA of Lorisoidea, Lorisidae, and Galagidae as insectivorous, with Lorisidae slightly more insectivorous, and potentially more exudativorous than Galagidae. Moreover, we identified a significant interaction between the primary dietary component (i.e., fruit or insects) and the level of exudate feeding in our sample, with exudate-feeding insectivores being associated with lower topographic values than exclusive insectivores. Finally, we reconstruct K. clarki as an insectivore, contrary to previous findings, although whether the animal fed on exudates remains ambiguous. Overall, our results provide a framework for testing ecological hypotheses about lorisoids and may point to a unique pattern of molar topography among exudativores.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25420,

title = {Dental caries in living and extinct strepsirrhines with insights into diet},

author = {Keegan R. Selig and Sergi López-Torres and Anne M. Burrows and Mary T. Silcox and Jin Meng},

url = {https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ar.25420},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25420},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-03-11},

urldate = {2024-03-11},

journal = {The Anatomical Record},

volume = {307},

issue = {6},

pages = {1995-2006},

abstract = {Abstract Dental caries is one of the most common diseases afflicting modern humans and occurs in both living and extinct non-human primates, as well as other mammalian species. Compared to other primates, less is known about the etiology or frequency of caries among the Strepsirrhini. Given the link between caries and diet, caries frequency may be informative about the dietary ecology of a given animal. Understanding rates of caries in wild populations is also critical to assessing dental health in captive populations. Here, we examine caries frequency in a sample of 36 extant strepsirrhine species (n = 316 individuals) using odontological collections of wild-, non-captive animals housed at the American Museum of Natural History by counting the number of specimens characterized by the disease. Additionally, in the context of studying caries lesions in strepsirrhines, case studies were also conducted to test if similar lesions were found in their fossil relatives. In particular, two fossil strepsirrhine species were analyzed: the earliest Late Eocene Karanisia clarki, and the subfossil lemur Megaladapis madagascariensis. Our results suggest that caries affects 13.92% of the extant individuals we examined. The frugivorous and folivorous taxa were characterized by the highest overall frequency of caries, whereas the insectivores, gummivores, and omnivores had much lower caries frequencies. Our results suggest that caries may be common among wild populations of strepsirrhines, and in fact is more prevalent than in many catarrhines and platyrrhines. These findings have important implications for understanding caries, diet, and health in living and fossil taxa.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12650,

title = {Cranial endocast of Anagale gobiensis (Anagalidae) and its implications for early brain evolution in Euarchontoglires},

author = {Sergi López-Torres and Ornella C. Bertrand and Madlen M. Lang and Łucja Fostowicz-Frelik and Mary T. Silcox and Jin Meng},

url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pala.12650},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12650},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-06-01},

urldate = {2023-06-01},

journal = {Palaeontology},

volume = {66},

number = {3},

pages = {e12650},

abstract = {Abstract Anagalids are an extinct group of primitive mammals from the Asian Palaeogene thought to be possible basal members of Glires. Anagalid material is rare, with only a handful of crania known. Here we describe the first virtual endocast of an anagalid, based on the holotype of Anagale gobiensis (AMNH 26079; late Eocene, China), which allows for comparison with published endocasts from fossil members of modern euarchontogliran lineages (i.e. primates, rodents, lagomorphs). The endocast displays traits often observed in fossorial mammals, such as relatively small petrosal lobules and a low neocortical ratio, which would be consistent with previous inferences about use of subterranean food sources based on heavy dental wear. In fact, Anagale gobiensis has the lowest neocortical ratio yet recorded for a euarchontogliran. This species was olfaction-driven, based on the relatively large olfactory bulbs and laterally expansive palaeocortex. The endocast supports previous inferences that relatively large olfactory bulbs, partial midbrain exposure and low encephalization quotient are ancestral for Euarchontoglires, although the likely fossorial adaptations of Anagale gobiensis may also partly explain these traits. While Anagale gobiensis is a primitive mammal in many aspects, some of its derived endocranial traits point towards a new, different trajectory of brain evolution within Euarchontoglires.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{LopezE&E2023,

title = {Locomotor behavior and hearing sensitivity in an early lagomorph reconstructed from the bony labyrinth},

author = {Sergi López-Torres and Raj Bhagat and Ornella C. Bertrand and Mary T. Silcox and Łucja Fostowicz-Frelik},

url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ece3.9890},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9890},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-03-18},

urldate = {2023-03-18},

journal = {Ecology and Evolution},

volume = {13},

number = {3},

pages = {e9890},

abstract = {Abstract The structure of the bony labyrinth is highly informative with respect to locomotor agility (semicircular canals [SCC]) and hearing sensitivity (cochlear and oval windows). Here, we reconstructed the agility and hearing sensitivity of the stem lagomorph Megalagus turgidus from the early Oligocene of the Brule Formation of Nebraska (USA). Megalagus has proportionally smaller SCCs with respect to its body mass compared with most extant leporids but within the modern range of variability, suggesting that it was less agile than most of its modern relatives. A level of agility for Megalagus within the range of modern rabbits is consistent with the evidence from postcranial elements. The hearing sensitivity for Megalagus is in the range of extant lagomorphs for both low- and high-frequency sounds. Our data show that by the early Oligocene stem lagomorphs had already attained fundamentally rabbit-like hearing sensitivity and locomotor behavior, even though Megalagus was not a particularly agile lagomorph. This is likely because Megalagus was more of a woodland dweller than an open-habitat runner. The study of sensory evolution in Lagomorpha is practically unknown, and these results provide first advances in understanding the primitive stages for the order and how the earliest members of this clade perceived their environment.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{scott2023new,

title = {New paromomyids (Mammalia, Primates) from the Paleocene of southwestern Alberta, Canada, and an analysis of paromomyid interrelationships},

author = {Craig S Scott and Sergi López-Torres and Mary T Silcox and Richard C Fox},

url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/new-paromomyids-mammalia-primates-from-the-paleocene-of-southwestern-alberta-canada-and-an-analysis-of-paromomyid-interrelationships/85328AE223A9AE66A2948F6FB06712CD},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Paleontology},

pages = {1--22},

publisher = {Cambridge University Press},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{grau2022miopetaurista,

title = {A Miopetaurista (Rodentia, Sciuridae) cranium from the Middle Miocene of Bavaria (Germany) and brain evolution in flying squirrels},

author = {Montserrat Grau-Camats and Ornella C Bertrand and Jérome Prieto and Sergi López-Torres and Mary T Silcox and Isaac Casanovas-Vilar},

doi = {10.1002/spp2.1454},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-07-25},

journal = {Papers in Palaeontology},

volume = {8},

number = {4},

pages = {e1454},

publisher = {Wiley Online Library},

abstract = {Flying squirrels (Sciurinae, Pteromyini) are the most successful group of gliding mammals. However, their fossil record mostly consists of isolated dental remains that provide very limited insights into their palaeobiology and evolution. The first skeleton of a fossil flying squirrel, belonging to the species Miopetaurista neogrivensis, has been described only recently. It presents all the diagnostic gliding-related postcranial features of its extant relatives and shows that this group has undergone very little morphological change for almost 12 myr. However, the associated cranium is badly crushed, and particular details of the cranial morphology cannot be described. Here, we describe a well-preserved cranium of the closely related Miopetaurista crusafonti from 12.5–12.0 Ma from Bavaria (Germany). Its cranial morphology is found to be almost identical to extant large flying squirrels, even in details such as the position of the foramina. The virtual endocast also shows close affinities to living large flying squirrels in morphology and in the relative volume of different brain regions, showing diagnostic features such as the size reduction of petrosal lobules and olfactory bulbs. However, the encephalization quotient (EQ) and neocortical ratio are lower than observed in extant flying squirrels. EQ is known to increase through time in squirrels, but might also be related to locomotion, given that arboreal and gliding squirrels display higher EQs than terrestrial ones. Because Miopetaurista was certainly a glider, its comparatively lower EQ and neocortical size support the existence of an independent trend of increasing EQ and neocortical complexity in this flying squirrel subclade.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{kraatz2021lagomorpha,

title = {Lagomorpha as a model morphological system},

author = {Brian Kraatz and Rafik Belabbas and Lucja A Fostowicz-Frelik and Deyan Ge and Alexander N Kuznetsov and Madlen Lang and Sergi López-Torres and Zeinolabedin Mohammadi and Rachel A Racicot and Matthew J Ravosa and others},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

urldate = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution},

volume = {9},

pages = {366},

publisher = {Frontiers},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{fostowicz2021tarsal,

title = {Tarsal morphology of ischyromyid rodents from the middle Eocene of China gives an insight into the group’s diversity in Central Asia},

author = {Lucja Fostowicz-Frelik and Sergi López-Torres and Qian Li},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

urldate = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Scientific reports},

volume = {11},

number = {1},

pages = {1-11},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{schillaci2021linguistic,

title = {Linguistic Clues to Kiowa-Tanoan Prehistory},

author = {Michael A Schillaci and Logan D Sutton and Søren Wichmann and Sergi López-Torres},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

urldate = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Journal of the Southwest},

volume = {63},

number = {2},

pages = {255--368},

publisher = {The Southwest Center, University of Arizona},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{selig2020novel,

title = {A novel method for assessing enamel thickness distribution in the anterior dentition as a signal for gouging and other extractive foraging behaviors in gummivorous mammals},

author = {Keegan R Selig and Sergi López-Torres and Adam Hartstone-Rose and Leanne T Nash and Anne M Burrows and Mary T Silcox},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

urldate = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Folia Primatologica},

volume = {91},

number = {4},

pages = {365-384},

publisher = {Karger Publishers},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{lopez2020cranial,

title = {Cranial endocast of the stem lagomorph Megalagus and brain structure of basal Euarchontoglires},

author = {Sergi López-Torres and Ornella C Bertrand and Madlen M Lang and Mary T Silcox and Lucja Fostowicz-Frelik},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

urldate = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B},

volume = {287},

number = {1929},

pages = {20200665},

publisher = {The Royal Society},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{burrows2020dental,

title = {Dental signatures for exudativory in living primates, with comparisons to other gouging mammals},

author = {Anne M Burrows and Leanne T Nash and Adam Hartstone-Rose and Mary T Silcox and Sergi López-Torres and Keegan R Selig},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

urldate = {2020-01-01},

journal = {The Anatomical Record},

volume = {303},

number = {2},

pages = {265-281},

publisher = {Wiley Online Library},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{selig2019first,

title = {First 3D dental topographic analysis of the enamel-dentine junction in non-primate euarchontans: Contribution of the enamel-dentine junction to molar morphology},

author = {Keegan R Selig and Sergi López-Torres and Eric J Sargis and Mary T Silcox},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

urldate = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Mammalian Evolution},

volume = {26},

number = {4},

pages = {587-598},

publisher = {Springer},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{lopez2018newb,

title = {A new Eocene anagalid (Mammalia: Euarchontoglires) from Mongolia and its implications for the group’s phylogeny and dispersal},

author = {Sergi López-Torres and Łucja Fostowicz-Frelik},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-09-17},

urldate = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {8},

number = {1},

pages = {13955},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group UK London},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{lopez2018new,

title = {New omomyoids (Euprimates, Mammalia) from the late Uintan of southern California, USA, and the question of the extinction of the Paromomyidae (Plesiadapiformes, Primates)},

author = {Sergi López-Torres and Mary T Silcox and Patricia A Holroyd},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-09-01},

urldate = {2018-09-01},

journal = {Palaeontologia Electronica},

volume = {21},

number = {3},

publisher = {COQUINA PRESS C/O WHITEY HAGADORN, EXECUTIVE EDITOR, AMHERST COLLEGE, DEPT~…},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{10.1017/jpa.2018.10,

title = {The European Paromomyidae (Primates, Mammalia): taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeographic implications},

author = {Sergi López-Torres and Mary T. Silcox},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2018.10},

doi = {10.1017/jpa.2018.10},

issn = {0022-3360},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-05-09},

urldate = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Paleontology},

volume = {92},

number = {5},

pages = {920-937},

abstract = {Plesiadapiforms represent the first radiation of Primates, appearing near the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Eleven families of plesiadapiforms are recognized, including the Paromomyidae. Four species of paromomyids from the early Eocene have been reported from Europe: Arcius fuscus Russell et al., 1967, Arcius lapparenti Russell et al., 1967, and Arcius rougieri Godinot, 1984 from France and Arcius zbyszewskii Estravís, 2000 from Portugal. Other Arcius specimens from the early Eocene are known from Masia de l’Hereuet (Spain), Abbey Wood (England), and Sotteville-sur-Mer (Normandy, France). A cladistic analysis of the European paromomyids has never previously been published. A total of 53 dental characters were analyzed for the four Arcius species and the specimens from Spain, England, and Normandy. The results of a parsimony analysis using TNT agree with previous conceptions of A. zbyszewskii as the most primitive member of the genus. Consistent with existing hypotheses, Arcius rougieri is positioned as the sister taxon of A. fuscus and A. lapparenti, and the results suggest that the fossil from Normandy is A. zbyszewskii. However, the English fossil pertains to a primitive lineage, rather than grouping with A. lapparenti as had been suggested; as such it is recognized here as a distinct species (Arcius hookeri new species). The Spanish fossils cluster together with the French species but do not show the previously proposed special relationship with A. lapparenti and are sufficiently distinct to be placed in a new species (Arcius ilerdensis). Arcius is recovered as monophyletic, which is consistent with a single migration event from North America to Europe around the earliest Eocene through the Greenland land bridge.UUID: http://zoobank.org/f4aac438-82d2-4a25-887b-3e0c072d87f6},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{lopez2018dental,

title = {Dental topographic analysis of paromomyid (Plesiadapiformes, Primates) cheek teeth: more than 15 million years of changing surfaces and shifting ecologies},

author = {Sergi López-Torres and Keegan R Selig and Kristen A Prufrock and Derrick Lin and Mary T Silcox},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

urldate = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Historical Biology},

volume = {30},

number = {1-2},

pages = {76--88},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{silcox2017major,

title = {Major questions in the study of primate origins},

author = {Mary T Silcox and Sergi López-Torres},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-05-24},

urldate = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences},

volume = {45},

pages = {113-137},

publisher = {Annual Reviews},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{silcox2017evolutionary,

title = {The evolutionary radiation of plesiadapiforms},

author = {Mary T Silcox and Jonathan I Bloch and Doug M Boyer and Stephen GB Chester and Sergi López-Torres},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-04-21},

urldate = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews},

volume = {26},

number = {2},

pages = {74-94},

publisher = {Wiley Online Library},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Prufrock_2016,

title = {Surfaces and spaces: troubleshooting the study of dietary niche space overlap between North American stem primates and rodents},

author = {Kristen A. Prufrock and Sergi López-Torres and Mary T. Silcox and Doug M. Boyer},

url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2051-672X/4/2/024005},

doi = {10.1088/2051-672X/4/2/024005},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-03-10},

urldate = {2016-03-10},

journal = {Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties},

volume = {4},

number = {2},

pages = {024005},

publisher = {IOP Publishing},

abstract = {Dental topographic metrics provide quantitative, biologically meaningful data on the three-dimensional (3D) form of teeth. In this study, three dental topographic metrics (Dirichlet normal energy (DNE), relief index (RFI), and orientation patch count rotated (OPCR)) are used to evaluate the presence of dietary niche overlap between North American plesiadapoid primates (Plesiadapidae, Carpolestidae, and Saxonellidae) and early rodents. Calculation of these metrics requires researchers to modify the 3D surface models of the teeth by cropping them to a region of interest and/or orienting them. The current study therefore also examines the error introduced by cropping and orientation, and evaluates the contribution of these metrics to the niche overlap hypothesis. Our results indicate that cropping creates significantly more variation in RFI than DNE. Furthermore, orientation is an even larger source of variation in the calculation of RFI than cropping. Orientation does not strongly influence OPCR values. However, none of these sources of error are significant enough to undermine the extent to which these metrics can speak to the niche overlap hypothesis. The DNE and RFI results suggest that carpolestids and saxonellids had very different molar morphologies from early rodents, and thus these groups were not adapted to consume the same resources. Some plesiadapids show similar levels of occlusal curvature, relief, and complexity to early rodents. The plesiadapid Chiromyoides, which has distinctively low cusps and weak shearing crest development, has molars that are the most rodent-like of all taxa compared. This suggests that Chiromyoides had a dietary niche that overlapped with early rodents and would have been the most likely to be competing over food resources. Results from the plesiadapoid-rodent dental topographic analysis highlight the utility of DNE for detecting more fine-scaled differences in occlusal surface morphology than OPCR, whereas RFI provided valuable data on the degree to which teeth were high crowned.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{lopez2015life,

title = {Life history of the most complete fossil primate skeleton: exploring growth models for Darwinius},

author = {Sergi López-Torres and Michael A Schillaci and Mary T Silcox},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

urldate = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Royal Society open science},

volume = {2},

number = {9},

pages = {150340},

publisher = {The Royal Society Publishing},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{marigo2012first,

title = {First record of Plesiadapiformes (Primates, Mammalia) from Spain},

author = {Judit Marigó and Raef Minwer-Barakat and Salvador Moyà-Solà and Sergi López-Torres},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

urldate = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Human Evolution},

volume = {62},

number = {3},

pages = {429-433},

publisher = {Academic Press},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}